Data Readiness in AI-Enabled JADC2 Systems

Defense organizations face data readiness challenges regarding interoperability, proper governance, and reliable information access when integrating artificial intelligence into Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) systems.

Defense organizations generate billions of data points from sensors, aircraft, ships, satellites, logistics systems, and intelligence platforms. However, making this information usable across needed systems without losing its context, security controls, and reliability poses a major challenge. The Department of Defense's JADC2 framework aims to help commanders understand the operational environment and make decisions faster.

Risks increase with the inclusion of artificial intelligence in analysis. AI models working with incomplete, outdated, or poorly managed data can lead to limitations in machine-speed analytics. An April 2025 Government Accountability Office (GAO) review revealed that the "swivel chair" model—where personnel take information from one system, manually evaluate it, and then transfer it to another system—complicates decision-making speed.

While accessing data is only part of the equation, requesting systems must also be able to use that data. JADC2's interoperability challenge encompasses hundreds of critical systems developed for different services and technical requirements. Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2) further compounds this challenge by expanding the information-sharing environment to include the intelligence community, international allies, and coalition partners.

Expanding access alone is not enough; commanders must ensure that AI-enabled analytics are supported by authorized, properly governed, and fit-for-use data. Making data architecture part of mission infrastructure rather than just an IT concern is fundamental to the success of the systems.