Development of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology and Policies in South Africa
Research on medicinal plant biotechnology in South Africa examines policy and skill gaps in species conservation and commercialization processes.
A comprehensive review conducted in South Africa highlights the conservation and commercialization potential of medicinal plant biotechnology, while showing that policy gaps and skills shortages are slowing innovation in this field.
Medicinal Plants and Biotechnological Studies
Across South Africa and the wider continent, native medicinal plants serve as a source of livelihood for the public and play a critical role in drug discovery programs aimed at addressing global health challenges. For the past fifty years, scientists have utilized biotechnology to study plant diversity and protect the natural flora by growing plant parts in laboratory settings using tissue culture methods.
Publication Trends and Global Standing
In a study examining plant biotechnology publications between 1974 and 2024, research collaborations and core thematic areas were mapped out. Among Global South countries, India holds the highest number of articles, while South Africa contributes significantly to the field by producing 1.7 percent of global publications.
Research Drivers and New Technologies
Factors such as combating climate change, mitigating plant stress, and improving nutrition constitute the primary drivers of research in South African laboratories. Researchers utilize new technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool and micropropagation to increase the production of medicinal compounds and support conservation efforts.
Over-Harvesting and Environmental Threats
While more than 13 percent of South Africa's flora is used for health purposes, wild harvesting remains the preferred method for collection. The over-collection of plants for traditional medicine markets in cities like Durban and Johannesburg, alongside genetic diversity losses driven by agricultural and urban expansion, poses major risks.
Policy and Skill Deficits
Despite existing frameworks such as the National Biotechnology Strategy, the integration between research outputs and a qualified workforce to drive innovation and commercialization is progressing slowly. The higher education sector needs to move beyond traditional approaches and prioritize native plant species.
Future-Oriented Solution Recommendations
Researchers draw attention to the importance of resolving policy mismatches, simplifying regulatory pathways, securing sustainable funding, and developing qualified human capital. Establishing interdisciplinary teams and strengthening international ties are considered critical to the success of biotechnological applications.